Agri Info: Agriculture Engineering

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    • Showing posts with label Agriculture Engineering. Show all posts
    Showing posts with label Agriculture Engineering. Show all posts

    April 22, 2022

    What are Bioenergy Crops?

    April 22, 2022 0

     A new study has found that converting annual crops to perennial bioenergy crops can induce a cooling effect on the areas where they are cultivated.

    • The researchers simulated the biophysical climate impact of a range of future bioenergy crop cultivation scenarios. Eucalyptus, poplar, willow, miscanthus and switchgrass were the bioenergy crops used in the study.
    • The study also demonstrated the importance of the crop type choice, the original land use type upon which bioenergy crops are expanded, the total cultivation area and its spatial distribution patterns.

    Bioenergy Crops:

    • Crops from which Biofuels are produced or manufactured are called Biofuel crops or Bioenergy Crops. “Energy crops” is a term used to describe biofuel crops.
    • Wheat, corn, main edible oilseeds/edible oils, sugarcane, and other crops are among them.
    • Biofuels have a number of advantages over fossil fuels, including the ability to burn cleaner and emit fewer pollutants and greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, into the sky.
    • They’re also environmentally friendly, and energy corporations frequently mix Biofuels with gasoline.
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    September 25, 2021

    Daily Dosage - -JRF / SRF / IBPS Agricultural Field Officer Study Material - Important terminologies in Agricultural Engineering Part 2

    September 25, 2021 0

     Important terminologies in Agricultural Engineering


    Scavenging: Scavenging is the process of removal of the exhaust gases from the engine cylinder usually by a flow of air.

    Priming: Priming is the process of removing air from pump casing and suction pipe by filling water in the suction pipe.

    Pre-ignition: The burning of air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber before the piston has reached the TDC is called as pre-ignition.

    Brake mean effective pressure (BMEP):The average pressure acting throughout the entire power stroke which is necessary to produce engine Brake horse power.

    Brake thermal efficiency: Brake thermal efficiency is  the  ratio  of  the useful power output of an engine to the fuel energy per unit time.

    Cage wheel: It is an attachment to a wheel with spaced cross bars for improving the traction of the tractor during the operation in wet land.

    Seed drill: Seed drill is the machine used for drilling the seeds  in  the field.

    Seed cum fertilizer drill: The machine which drill seeds and fertilizers simultaneously in the field in known as Seed cum fertilizer drill.

    Winnowing: Winnowing is the process  of  separating  grains  from  chaff with the help of air blast.

    Horizontal clearance/Horizontal suction: The maximum clearance between the landside  and  a  horizontal  plane,  touching  point  of  share  at its gunnel side and  heel of landside in Mould  board plough.It is generally 5-13 mm.

    Vertical clearance/Vertical suction: The maximum clearance under the landside and horizontal surface when Mould board plough is resting on a horizontal surface in working position.It is generally 3 to 5 mm.

    Camshaft: The shaft which operate valves of engine is called as Camshaft.

    Crankshaft: Crankshaft is the main shaft of an engine which turned by connecting rods, and changes the reciprocating  motion to rotary motion of the piston.

    Clearance volume: The space  when  piston  is  at  Top  dead  centre  holds the gases at full compression is known as Clearance volume.

    Clutch: Clutch is a device which is used to connect or disconnect the tractor engine from the transmission gears and drive wheels.

    Combustion chamber: It is the volume of space above  the  piston  head when piston is at top dead centre.

    Compression ratio: It is the ratio of the volume of charge at the beginning of the compression stroke to that at the end of the compression stroke.

    Connecting rod: It is a rod connected between the piston and the crankshaft of an engine.

    Crankcase: It is the housing within  which the  crankshaft is supported and is rotated.

    Crown: Crown is the top portion of the turned furrow slice.

    Cylinder: It is the space where piston moves.

    Cylinder head: It is the detachable portion of an engine which covers the upper ends of the cylinders and includes the combustion chamber.

    Cylinder block: It is the solid casting which includes the cylinder  and water jackets.

    Harrow: Harrow is an implement to break the soil to a shallow depth to kill weeds and to mix materials in the soil.

    Harrowing: Harrowing is the secondary tillage operation which pulverises and smoothens the soil surface while preparing seed bed.

    Lubricant: It is a material which reduces the friction.

    Thermostat: It is the valve used to control the flow of water when temperature rises; It is used in cooling system of tractor.

    Three point linkage: It is the combination  of  one  upper  link  and  two lower links which is used to connect the implement to the tractor.

    Disk angle: The angle at which the plane of the cutting edge of the disk is inclined to the direction of travel.

    Tilt angle: It is the angle at which the plane of cutting edge of the disk is inclined to a vertical line.

    Share: It is the part of the  plough  which  penetrates  into  the  soil  and makes a horizontal furrow below the surface.

    Valve: Valve is a device used to open and close the entrance leading to an engine cylinder.

    Injector: Injector is a device which injects fuel into the combustion chamber of an engine against the pressure of air within  the  chamber  of diesel engine.

    Inlet valve: Inlet valve permits the charge to enter  the  cylinder  of  an engine.

    Inlet port:  In two stroke engine it is the opening through which air or  air fuel mixture enters the cylinder.

    Power take off: It is a shaft usually splined externally to transmit rotational power to another machine or equipment.

    Mechanical efficiency: It is the ratio of the brake power to indicated power.

    Thermal efficiency: It is the ratio of the output in the form of useful mechanical power to the power value of the fuel consumed.

    Swept volume: It is the volume displaced by one stroke  of  the  piston. 

    Caster angle: The angle between the centre line of the king pin of the tractor and the vertical line.

    Camber angle: The angle between the centre line of the tyre and the vertical line.

    Track: Track is the distance between the two wheels of the tractor on the same axle, measured at the point of ground contact.

     

     
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    Important Terminologies in Agricultural Engineering

    September 25, 2021 1

    Important terminologies in Agricultural Engineering 



    Air cleaner: Air cleaner is a mechanism for filtering and removing dust, moisture and other foreign matter from the air before it reaches the engine.

    Furrow:     furrow is a trench which is formed by an implement in the soil during field operation.



    Furrow wall: It is the undisturbed soil surface by the side of a furrow. 

    Furrow slice: Furrow slice is the mass of soil which is cut and turned by a plough. The weight of furrow slice of soil is 2.25x 106 kg/ha.

    Furrow opener:     Furrow opener is a mechanism attached with a seed drill for opening a furrow.

    Furrow sole:     At the bottom of the furrow the horizontal surface is called as furrow sole.

    Back furrow:     Raised furrow which remains at the centre of a strip of land. Back furrow formed during the centre to side ploughing.

    Dead furrow:     Dead furrow is an open trench left in between two adjacent strips of land after the ploughing.

    Bakhar:     Bakhar is an implement used for shallow working of the soil in field.

    Ballast:     It is a mass that can be added or removed from a tractor for the main purpose of stability.

    Bore:     The diameter of an engine cylinder is known as Bore.

    Bottom dead centre (BDC):      The lower  most or  bottom  most position of the piston inside the engine cylinder is called as Bottom dead centre.


    Top dead centre (TDC):     The Top most or  upper  most  position  of  the piston inside the engine cylinder is known as Top dead centre.

    Tillage:     Tillage is a process of mechanical manipulation of soil to make it suitable for crop production.

    Primary Tillage:     The tillage operation which constitutes the initial soil working, having main objective of reducing soil  strength and rearrange the soil particle.

    Secondary  tillage:  The tillage operations following primary tillage which are performed to create soil tilth for seeding and planting.

    Scalping: Scalping is the process of cleaning of seeds in which  the  good seeds are dropped through screen openings while larger material is carried over the screen.

    Brake horse power (BHP): BHP is the useful output power of an engine which is measured at the flywheel.

    Frictional horse power (FHP): FHP is the power consumed within an engine from friction of its moving parts.

    Indicated horse power (IHP): IHP is the power generated in the engine cylinder and received by the piston.

    Drawbar power: It is the power of the tractor measured at the end of drawbar. It is the power available to pull loads or draw machines.

    Water horse power: The horse power required to pump the water if pump and motor are 100 % efficient.

    Shaft horse power: Power available at the shaft of the pump. SHP is the ratio of water horse power and pump efficiency.

    Scraper: Scraper is a device to remove the soil that tends to stick to the working surface of a disk.

    Gang:  Gang is defined as the each set of disks mounted on a common shaft.

    Gang angle: The angle between the axis of the gang bolt and the direction of travel is known as Gang angle.

    Wheel base: The horizontal distance between front and rear wheels of tractor, measured at the  ground contact  is  known  as  Wheel  base  of tractor.

    Ground clearance: It is the height of the lowest point of the tractor from a level supporting surface.

    Gauge wheel: An auxiliary wheel of an implement to maintain a uniform depth of working.

    Broadcasting: Broadcasting is the process of scattering the seeds on the surface of seed bed.

    Dibbling: Dibbling is the process of placing the seeds in the holes made in seed bed and covering them.

    Jointer: Small irregular piece of metal having a similar shape to plough bottom, used to cut and turn over a small furrow slice.

    Governor: Governor is a device which regulates or control the speed of an engine.
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    August 15, 2021

    Field Capacity of Implements - Agricultural Engineering

    August 15, 2021 0

    Field Capacity Of Implements




    ▪️ Indigenous plough  -  0.4ha/day

    ▪️ MB plough  -  >  1.5-2ha/day

    ▪️ Disc harrow  - >  2.5ha/day

    ▪️ Rotavator - >  0.4- 0.5ha/hr

    ▪️ Two bottom reversible MB plough   - >0.20-0.25ha/hr


    ▪️ Rigid tyne cultivator  - > 4ha/day

    ▪️ Potato planter automated - > 6000-14000potatoes/h
            
    ▪️ Potato planter Semi automated - > 0.15-0.35ha/hr

    ▪️Paddy transplanter 
     Manual  - > 0.25ha/day

    Self proppeled- > 0.05-0.1ha/hr

    ▪️ Self operated paddy harvester -  >1.5ha/day

    ▪️ Knapsack sprayer  - > 0.5-1ha/day

    ▪️ Rocker sprayer  - > 1.5ha/day

    ▪️ Foot pedal sprayer - > 1ha/day

    ▪️ Knapsack power sprayer - >1.5ha/day

    ▪️ Normal PTO speed of tractor  - > 540rpm(9times/sec)

      High speed  - > 1000rpm (16 times /sec) 

    ▪️ RPM of Rotavator - >210-240 rpm
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