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Showing posts with label Entomology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Entomology. Show all posts

Apiary Management |Care and Management of Beekeeping |

 CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF BEEKEEPING

The pre-requisites which are considered must to start beekeeping are as follows

  • Knowledge and training on bee keeping
  • Knowledge on local bee flora
  • Sufficient local bee flora
  • Knowledge of migratory bee keeping

Apiary site requirements

  • The site should be dry without dampness. High RH will affect bee flight and ripening of nectar.
  • Water: Natural or artificial source of water should be provided.
  • Wind breaks: Trees serve as wind belts in cool areas.
  • Shade: Hives can be kept under shade of trees. Artificial structures can also be constructed to provide shade.
  • Bee pasturage and florage: Plants that yield pollen and nectar to bees are called bee pasturage and florage. Such plants should be plenty around the apiary site.

General apiary management practices


1. Hive inspection: Open the hive at least twice a week and inspect for following details. Hive record also is to be maintained for each hive.    

    • Presence of queen
    • Presence of eggs and brood.
    • Honey and pollen storage
    • Presence of bee enemies like wax moth, mite, disease

2. Expanding brood net: It is done by providing comb foundation sheet in empty frame during honey flow period.

3. Supering (Addition of frames in super chamber): This is done when brood chamber is filled with bees and all frames are covered. Comb foundation sheet or constructed comb is provided in super chamber

4. During breeding season
During honey flow season there is considerable increase in the foraging activity of the workers and in the rate of egg laying by the queen. Necessary additional space has to be provided for all these and this is done through supply of new, clean, yellow combs or comb foundation sheets.
In the case of weak stocks, the population can be increased, taking advantage of the favourable environmental conditions, by giving brood combs from strong colonies or by simply changing its position to that of a strong colony in a bright morning when the bees are busy.   The bees of the strong colony after their foraging trip return to the weak hive now located in the site of their original home and thus the weak colony becomes strong.  This should be done in a prosperous season and at a time when bees are busy.  

5. Swarm control
The strength of colonies gets denoted as a result of Swarming. Swarming can be prevented by clipping off special queen brood cells as they are constructed,  since a colony  does not send out a swarm unless a new queen is ready to take the place of the reigning queen.

There are a few other methods of swarm control in which the natural instincts of the bees for dispersal and perpetuation of species are not curbed but aim at relieving the spatial congestion and readjustment of different castes and categories of population

 (a) Primary swarm is allowed to take  place but trapped in a swarm trap and hived as a separate colony.  The after-swarms are prevented by destroying the remaining queen brood cells 

(b) One or two brood combs in the strong colonies which are inclined to issue swarms are removed and given to weak colonies.  

 (c) A brood comb with the reigning queen and a few workers taken out and put in a separate hive and thus the colony is divided, 

(d) Inter-change of positions between a strong and weak colony.

6. Artificial feeding
Bees do not visit each and every flower. They visit only flowers having ample pollen and nectar (non-toxic to them) and it should be within their reach. Therefore, the bee flora of a particular region is most important for the bee industry. Whenever there is a dearth of nectar and pollen in nature and the stock of these materials is not in the hive, then artificial feeding becomes imperative. The dearth periods vary from region to region in this country. If the bees are not fed artificially during dearth period, they start starving and dwindling, develop wander lust and ultimately abscond. White sugar syrup is a cheap substitute of honey but no pollen substitutes have been tried in this country although different pollen substitutes have been found useful elsewhere. Attempts to replace sugar syrup by cheap cane jaggery to the colonies resulted in the absconding of bee colonies because in most of the cases they did not accept it and suffered from starvation; in some cases if they accepted it they suffered from dysentery.

Preparation of artificial feed. Sugar syrup is prepared by dissolving 100 g of sugar in 150-200 ml of hot water, boiled and cooled. It is offered in 400 ml glass-bottle or cigarette tins with their mouth covered with a mark in cloth held tightly with rubber band or thread. The syrup bottle is placed upside down in the super with or without inner cover. The colonies should be fed on alternate days in the evening.

Effect of artificial feeding: The bee colonies should be fed well during dearth period, especially in winter season. In such cases swarming is induced earlier and this helps a beekeeper in making the bee colonies strong before honey-flow season starts.

7. Provision of Drinking Water
A source of fresh water within a short distance of an apiary is essential. Water is required to blend with the food and to lower the temperature of the hives during hot weather. Water can be supplied in a tank or an earthen pot set up so as to permit the water to drip. The water can be given in a glass bottle inside the hive also.

8. Uniting bee colonies
The question of uniting stock of bees arises only when the colony becomes weak or queen less and all attempts of requeening fail. It is then necessary that weak colonies should be united. As each colony has its own peculiar odour, it is necessary either to blend the odours of the two colonies slowly or suppress both by a stronger one. If this is not done the bees of the two colonies fight. The colonies to be united should be brought near each other by moving them closer, 0.5 to 1.0 m each day, so that incoming bees may not drift back to old site when the colonies are sufficiently close. Two other methods described below can also be used for uniting the colonies.

Newspaper method: Bring colonies side by side by moving 30 cm/day

  • Remove queen from week colony
  • Keep a newspaper on top of brood chamber of queen known as right colony
  • Make holes on the paper
  • Keep queen less colony on top of right colony. 
  • Close hive entrance so that the smell of bees get mixed in both the colony
  • Unite bees to the brood chamber and make it one colony.

Smoke method: Both colonies should be smoked heavily and then dumped into one hive. More smoke should be blown into the common hive.

9. Handling the Queen
The queen is the most important and indispensable individual in the bee colony, and should be handled properly and carefully.

10. Finding the queen
The presence of an active queen in the colony can be judged by the presence of worker eggs. If, however, it is essential to spot her or to catch her, then she must be searched properly. In a strong colony sometimes it may be difficult to spot the queen at the first look.

Test for the absence of queen. It is often necessary to be sure that a colony is really queen less before introducing a new queen. The bees of a queen less colony always develop nervousness. They do not sit properly in the comb. There will be no egg-laying or worker egg laying without uniformity in combs (more than one egg in cells).

11. Introduction of the queen
Of several methods of introducing the queen, some are direct and others indirect. For safe introduction, first it should be made sure that the colony into which it is to be introduced is really queen less and further that no queen cell is present in the brood combs. The queen should be put into a queen-introducing cage, with the exit plugged with queen candy, and then placed in the centre of the brood nest. The queen can be kept in a small specimen tube, the mouth of which is closed with a muslin cloth having a small hole to permit it to escape eventually.

12. Increasing the Number of Colonies
It is very important for beekeeper to increase his bee colony every year and this can be done by dividing the existing colonies into 2 or 3 sub-colonies with fresh queens.

(i) A bee colony can be established by purchasing it from a private or a government organization. Only those colonies should be selected or purchased which have at least 5-6 brood frames covered with bees and a healthy active queen.

(ii) The number of colonies can be increased by dividing the existing colonies during swarming season, when the queen cells are constructed. It is done by keeping 50 per cent brood combs with old queen in an empty hive. The hive should be removed at least 0-8 km away from its original site. The other half of the colony with queen cells should be kept in the original site.

(iii) Another method is to let the colony swarm, and the swarms arc captured and transferred to empty hives by giving brood comb from another colony. The swarms can be kept in the same vicinity.

(iv) Bee colonies can be captured from natural sources. Before bagging the colony, smoke should be applied. The combs are cut and placed in frames with wire to which they are firmly secured. The frames are transferred to a hive along with the bees.

Seasonal management: Pollen and nectar are available only during certain period. When surplus food source are available it is known as honey flow season. In contrast during dearth period there will be scarcity of food. During extremes in climate like summer, winter and monsoon certain specific management tactics are required.

13. Honey flow season management
This season coincides with spring. During this season,

  • Provide more space for honey storage by giving comb foundation sheet or built combs
  • Confine queen to brood chamber using queen excluder
  • Prevent swarming as explained in swarm management
  • Prior to honey flow, provide sugar syrup and build sufficient population
  • Divide strong colonies into 2-3 new colonies, if colony muitiplication is needed
  • Queen rearing technique may be followed to produce new queens for new colonies

14. Summer management
Bees have to survive intense heat and dearth period by following means.

  • Provide sufficient shade, under trees or artificial structure
  • Increase RH and reduce heat by Sprinkling water twice a day on gunny bag or rice straw put on hive
  • Increase ventilation by introducing a splinter between brood and super chamber
  • Provide sugar syrup, pollen supplement, substitute and water

15. Winter management
It includes the following

  • Maintain strong and disease free colonies
  • Provide new queen to the hives
  • Provide winter packing in cooler areas hilly regions

16. Management during dearth period

  • Remove empty combs and store in air tight container.
  • Use dummy division board to confine bees to small area
  • Unite weak colonies
  • Provide sugar syrup, pollen supplement and substitute

17. Rainy season and monsoon management

  • Avoid dampness in apiary site. Provide proper drainage
  • In rain when bees are confined to the hive, provide sugar syrup feeding

18. Bee pasturage or bee forage
Plants that yield pollen and nectar are collectively called bee pasturage or bee forage. Plants which are good source of nectar are tamarind, moringa, neem, Prosopis juliflora, Soapnut tree, Glyricidia maculata, eucalyptus, Tribulus terrestris and pungam. Plants which are good source of pollen are sorghum, sweet potato, maize, tobacco, millets like cumbu, tenai, varagu, ragi, coconut, roses, castor, pomegranate and date palm. Plants which are good source of both pollen and nectar are banana, peach, citrus, guava, apple, Sunflower, berries,  safflower, pear, mango and plum.

Foraging: This refers to collection of nectar and pollen by bees.

Nectar foragers: These collect nectar from flowers using lapping tongue and pass the nectar to hive bees. Hive bees repeatedly pass the nectar between pre oral cavity and tongue to ripen the honey. Later they drop the ripened honey into cells.

Pollen foragers: They collect pollen by passing through different flowers. Pollen sticking to the body is removed by using pollen comb. Then it is packed using pollen press into corbicula or pollen basket. A single bee carries 10 to 30 mg of pollen which is 25 per cent of bee's weight. Then the pollen is dislodged by middle leg into cells. Pollen is mixed with honey and stored.

Floral fidelity: A bee visits same species of plant for pollen and nectar collection until the source is exhausted. This is known as floral fidelity. Bees travel 2 to 3 km distance to collect pollen and nectar.

Apiculture | Types of Honey Bees | Beekeeping

 Apiculture | Beekeeping | Types of Honey bee

Honey hunting, or plundering the nests of wild honeybees to obtain honey and beeswax, is practiced throughout the world wherever colonies of wild nesting honeybees are abundant. However, obtaining honey is easier and more convenient if bees are encouraged to nest inside a hive. This housing of bees in a container is true "beekeeping", but the term is used loosely to describe all the techniques involving bees and the harvesting and processing of their products. 

Honeybees belong to the family Apidae subfamily Apinae and genus Apis.

Five important species of honey bees are as follows.

  1. The rock bee, Apis dorsata (Apidae).
  2. The Indian hive bee, Apis cerana indica (Apidae).
  3. The little bee, Apis florea (Apidae).
  4. The European or Italian bee, Apis mellifera (Apidae).
  5. Dammer bee or stingless bee, Melipona irridipennis (Meliporidae).

The important features of these species are given below.


Rock bee (Apis dorsata)
They are giant bees found all over India in sub-mountainous regions up to an altitude of 2700 m. 
They construct single comb in open about 6 feet long and 3 feet deep .
They shift the place of the colony often. Rock bees are ferocious and difficult to rear. 
They produce about 36 Kg honey per comb per year. These bees are the largest among the bees described

Little bee (Apis florea)
They build single vertical combs. They also construct comb in open of the size of palm in branches of bushes, hedges, buildings, caves, empty cases etc .
 They produce about half a kilo of honey per year per hive. They are not rearable as they frequently change their place.
 The size of the bees is smallest among four Apis species described and smaller than Indian bee. They distribute only in plains and not in hills above 450 MSL.

Indian hive bee / Asian bee (Apis cerana indica)
They are the domesticated species, which construct multiple parallel combs with an average honey yield of 6-8 kg per colony per year. 
These bees are larger than Apis florae but smaller than Apis mellifera. They are more prone to swarming and absconding. They are native of India/Asia.

European bee / Italian bee (Apis mellifera)
They are also similar in habits to Indian bees, which build parallel combs. They are bigger than all other honeybees except Apis dorsata.
The average production per colony is 25-40 kg. They have been imported from European countries (Italy). 
They are less prone to swarming and absconding.

Dammer Bee
Besides true honey bees, two species of stingless or dammer bees, viz. Melipona and Trigona occur in our country in abundance. These bees are much smaller than the true honey bees and build irregular combs of wax and resinous substances in crevices and hollow tree trunks. 
The stingless bees have the importance in the pollination of various food crops. They bite their enemies or intruders. It can be domesticated. But the honey yield per hive per year is only 100 gms.

IBPS Agricultural Field Officer Study Material - Entomology

 Major pest & Disease of Rice, Wheat, Cotton, Chick pea, Sugarcane & their Management


  • Rice stem borer (Scirpophaga incertutas) is -Monophagous
  • Trichogramna is a n Egg parasitoid
  • Silver shoot or onion leaf is caused by  Gall midge
  • Vector of Rice tungro is - Green leaf hopper (Nephotettise spp.)
  • Vector of Grassy stunt disease  - Brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata spp.)
  • Chaffy grains with black spot is due to - Gundhi bug (leptocoris spp.)
  • Family of Gundhi bug is   -      Alydidae
  • Gundhi bug caused on the stage -  Milking stage
  • Ufra disease of rice is due to    -       Ditylenehus angustus
  • White grub is a - Bettle, Polyphages
  • Serious pest of wheat -White grub & termite
  • Ear cockle nematode is  -Anguina tritici
  • Tundu/yellow ear rot disease is due to - Anguina tritici + Carynebacterium tritici
  • Control of tundu disease is done by hot water treatment at Hot water treatment 500C for 2 hours.      
  • Wheat stem borer sesamia inferns attack in  -Night
  • Name of rice yellow stem borer - Scirpophaga incertuls
  • Highest consumption of pesticide in crop    Cotton (54%)
  • Hooper burn in cotton is due to -        Amrasca biguttula
  • Family of cotton white fly - Aleyrodidae
  • Vector for cotton leaf curl virus is  - Bemisia tabaci
  • Glaring of squares in cotton is due to - Spotted bollworm (Earias vitella)
  • Rosetting of flowers due to - Pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella)
  • Double seed formation is due to -         Pink bollworm
  • Large circular bore holes with faecal pellets is the symptoms of  -American bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera)
  • Dysdercus cingulatus is known as  - Red cotton bug
  • Bt formulation is used for - Early instars of bollworms
  • Helicoverpa and Agrotisypsilon is the serous pest of  - Chickpea
  • Greasy cut worm attack in  - Night
  • Scientific name of Sugarcane shoot borer is  - Chilo infuscatellus
  • Bunchy top appearance in sugarcane is due to  - Top borer (Scirpophaga excerptaels)

  • Family of Top borer  - Pryalidae
  • Pyrilla perpusilla (Fam. Lophopidae) is a  - Leaf hopper
  • Biological control of borers  -    Trichograma Japonicun
  • Distractive insect pest (DIP) Act was passed in the year  - 1914

  • Insecticide act passed -  1968
  • Pest occurs most frequently on cultivated crops - Regular pest
  • Pest occurs in a few isolated localities is known as -    Sporadic pest
  • Pest occurs in same area of year after year  -     Endemic pest
  • Pest occurs in area in severe form  -      Epidemic pest
  • Central plant protection training institute  -        Hyderabad
  • Safest insecticide for honeybee -           Endosulphohn
  • Pest population should be kept below Economic threshold level
  • Serious pest of Rice is  -       Yellow stem borer

  • What is the sequence of coating of seed by insect fungicide & Rhizobium  -   Fungicide + Insecticide + Rhizobium
  • Family of shoot borer  - Crambidae

More Entomology Onemarks for IBPS SO - Agricultural Officer Preparation - Click here

General Agricultural  Onemarks - Chick Here

IBPS SO Professional Knowledge one mark questions - Click here
IBPS SO Professional Knowledge Study Materials - Click here
IBPS SO Prelims Study Materials - Click here


Pest of Ground Nut - IBPS Agricultural Field Officer Study Material

Pest of Groundnut



1. State the damaging stage/s of groundnut leaf miner. – Larvae

 2. Webbing and drying of terminal leaflets of groundnut. – Leaf miner 

3. The bunchy variety of groundnut is susceptible to Leaf miner. 

4. Leaf miners are favored by the hot dry conditions of the post - rainy season

5. Bawachi weed is alternate host for leaf miner. 

6. The bud necrosis of groundnut is transmitted by Thrips . 

7. Early instars of Red hairy caterpillar are skeletoniser. 

8. The diapauses stage of red hairy caterpillar is pupal stage (pupation in soil). 

9. Scarification of groundnut pods is caused by termites.

 10. Identify the pest from damage -

 a) The whole groundnut field presents burnt appearance. - Leaf miner  

 b) Webbing and drying of terminal leaf lets in groundnut - Leaf miner

 c)   Wilting of groundnut plants in patches with damaged roots – White grub 

 d) Total defoliation in groundnut – Red hairy caterpillar  

11.Severely affected groundnut filed looking as if  grazed by cattle is the typical  symptom of  

----------------      Red hairy caterpillar

 Groundnut shows burnt appearance when  severely infested with --------------- Leaf miner 

 Intercrop cumbu in  groundnut at the ratio of 4:1

 Fecal pellets seen on groundnut leaves and on the ground is an indicator of ________ pest incidence. Tobacco caterpillar 

Growing  castor as a border (or) intercrop in groundnut fields is to attract ------------------    Tobacco caterpillar

Pod bug  sucks the sap from groundnut pod in field as well as storage -Say True or false 

Groundnut leaves with holes resulting in skeletonization and defoliation is due to 

a. Semilooper 

 ___________ Soybean is an alternate host of groundnut leaf miner  

Young groundnut pods showing bore holes with discoloured pulps is the symptom of ________ in groundnut.(Earwig pod borer)

 

Daily Dosage -JRF / SRF / IBPS Agricultural Field Officer Study Material - Important Pest in Rice

 Important Pest in Rice

1. Monophagous /specific pest of paddy is Yellow stem borer.
 
2. Clipping of tip of seedlings of paddy before transplanting is done to eliminate egg masses of Rice yellow stem borer. 

3. ‘Palinj’ or ‘White ears’ in paddy are produced by Yellow stem borer. 

4. Yellow stem borer hibernates as larva/pupa.
 
5. The stem borer which is common to sorghum, maize, rice and wheat is Sesamia inferens.
 
6. Give the name of the egg parasitoid of yellow rice stem borer. - Trichogramma japonicum 

7. Tungro and rice yellow dwarf virus diseases of rice transmitted by Green leaf hopper 

8. Alternate wetting and drying of paddy fields is followed for management of Brown plant hopper, Nilaparvata lugens.

 9. Alley cropping is cultural practice for the management of Brown plant hopper. 

10. Both plant hoppers (Green and BPH) have a peculiar habit of attacking the crop from the middle of field. 

11. Silver shoot in paddy. – Paddy gall fly (Orseolia oryzae

12. Leaf cases hanging from rice leaf and cut leaf bits floating in water. – Caseworm

 13. Dragging of rope in paddy field is management practice for  (Gall fly / Caseworm)
 
14. Individual rice grains become white and chaffy. Or Buggy odour in rice fields during milky stage. – Rice Gundhi bug / Paddy earhead bug

 15. White parallel streaks along leaf axis in paddy. – Rice hispa 

16. Marginal rolling in rice seedlings. – Rice thrips 

17. Trimming of bunds is recommended for rice grasshopper.

 18. Give the damaging stage(s) - a) Paddy grasshopper - Nymph and adult  b) Paddy stem borer – Larva  c) Rice  hispa – Larva and adult

Daily Dosage - Sericulture oneliner - 01

 Sericulture - 01



1. Top 3 silk production countries

  • 1st - China
  • 2nd - India
  • 3rd- Uzbekistan
2. Largest Consumer of silk in the world - India

3.Biggest Producer of Raw Silk in India - Mysore (Karnataka)

4. Institutes:

  • Central Silk Board - Bangalore
  • Central Silk Technological and Research Institute -Bangalore 
  • Central Sericulture Training and Research Institute - Mysore
  • Central Sericulture Research and Training Institute, Berhampur (Odisha)
  • Central Tasar Research and Training Institute, Ranchi (Jharkhand)
  • Cental Muga, Eri Research and Training Institute, Titibar (Assam)
  • Central Sericultural Germplasm Resources Centre, Hosur (TamilNadu)

5. Books:

  • Hand Book of Practical Sericulture - Utal and Narashimhanna
  • Mulbery Cultivation -R.K.Patnaik