Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms in Plants - IBPS AFO Study Material

 Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms in Plants

Nitrogen

• General yellowing of lower leaves
• Inverted V shaped Yellowing in cereals
• Buttoning of cauliflower
• Proteolysis in cells
• Red leaf of cotton (also due to Mg toxicity)

Phosphorus

• Sickle leaf disease
• Purple  leaf disease
• Anthocyanin pigmentation

Potassium

• Marginal necrosis
• Marginal Chlorosis of Grapes
• Potato blotchy
• Accumulation of Diamine putrescine
• Dying back of tips

Calcium

• Blossom end rot of Tomato (BER)
• Bitter pit of apple
• Tip hooking
• Cavity spot of Carrot
• Internal browning of Lettuce
• Blackheart of Celery
• Milk fever in cattle

Magnesium

• Grass tetany of cattle
• Bronzing of citrus
• Sand drown of tobacco
• Red leaf or reddening of Cotton (toxicity)
• Inter- veinal chlorosis in lower leaves
• Sulfur
• Yellowing in upper leaves.
• Tea Yellow

Boron

• Internal necrosis of Mango , Aonla
• Internal cork of Apple, Tomato
• Browning / Hollow stem of Cauliflower
• Cracked stem of celery, Lucerne
• Lucerne Yellow / Alfalfa yellow
• Heart rot of Sugarbeet , Marigold
• Hard fruit of Citrus
• Die back of Apple
• Water core of Turnip
• Brown heart of Wheat, Turnip
• Sterility in Wheat
• Top Sickness of Tobacco
• Canker of Sugarbeet
• Drought spot of Apple
• Hen- Chicken disease of Grape
• Crown chocking of Coconut
• Fruit cracking of Tomato, Pomegranate
• Snakeheads in Walnuts

Zinc

• Khaira Disease of Rice
• White bud of Maize
• Mottle leaf of Citrus
• Little leaf of Citrus
• Frenching of Citrus
• Little leaf of Cotton
• Rosette Disease
• Little leaf of Mango, Litchi
• Fern Leaf of Potato
• Leaf bronzing of Litchi

Silicone

• Freckle disease in Sugarcane

Manganese

• Grey specks of Oat
• Speckled yellow of Sugarbeet
• Pahaia Blight of Sugarcane
• Frenching of Tung Tree
• Crinkled leaf of Cotton (Toxicity)
• Marshy Spot of Pea

Molybdenum

• Whiptail of Cauliflower
• Scald of Legumes
• Yellow spot of Citrus
• Khaira of Citrus
• Downward cupping of radish

Iron

• Interveinal chlorosis of young leaves
• Leaf blanching of Sugarbeet
• Bronzing of Rice (Toxicity)
• Green neck of Citrus
• Silver green leaf of Tomato
• Lime- induced Chlorosis

Copper

• Reclamation Disease
• Stem melanosis of Wheat
• Exanthema / Gumming
• Dieback of Citrus
• Wither tip of Apple
• Rough bark of Apple

Chlorine

• Brown centre of Potato
• Susceptibility of Fusarium rot
• Gray spot of Coconut
• Tip burn of Betel vine

 Other Disorders

• Jonathan spot of Apple : Water Deficiency
• Blackheart of Potato : Oxygen Deficiency
• Richness in Cauliflower: Temperature
• Cat face in Tomato : Temperature
•  Blacktip of Mango : SO2, NO2
• Tip burn / Pansukh of Rice: Oxygen Deficiency

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Blood Relation Study Material

Blood Relation - Study Material

• Blood Relation is a must-do part of the exam. As it may come for 5 marks and you know every mark is important.

• In Blood Relation question certain information is given about the members of the family. Based on that information you need to find out the relationship between a particular member of the family.

• Now, take a look at below given “Generation Table” which will help you to understand the different relationship.

Blood relation For Bank Exam

We are presenting the relation in two different forms:

1. Relations of paternal side:

i. Father’s Father – Grandfather

ii. Father’s Mother – Grandmother

iii. Father’s Brother – Uncle

iv. Father’s Sister – Aunt

v. Children of Uncle – cousin vi. Wife of Uncle – Aunt vii. Children of Aunt – Cousin viii. Husband of Aunt – Uncle

2. Relations of maternal side:

i. Mother’s Father – Maternal Grandfather

ii. Mother’s Mother –Maternal Grandmother

iii. Mother’s Brother – Maternal Uncle

iv. Mother’s Sister – Aunt

v. Children of Maternal Uncle – Cousin

vi. Wife of Maternal uncle – Maternal Aunt

• The solve questions of Blood Relations easily, you can take help of “Generation Tree”.

 Types of questions asked from Blood Relations: 

1. Based on Dialogue or Conversation

2. Based on Puzzles

3. Based on Symbolically coded

Based on Conversation or Dialogue-

In this type of questions, the one person talking to or doing chit-chat with other person giving information by pointing to some picture or person.

Example: Pointing to a lady on the stage, Monika said, “She is the sister of the son of the wife of my husband.” How is the lady related to Monika?

Solution: Find who you can easily relate to and be that person-then go about creating one relation after another.

In this question, be Monika-then start from the end of the sentence.

“My husband” = Monika’s husband

‘Wife of my husband’ = is me = Monika

‘Son of the wife of my husband’ = My Son

‘Sister of the Son of the wife of my Husband’ = My Son’s Sister = My daughter

‘She’ is the sister of the son of the wife of my husband’ = the lady on the stage = the lady being pointed out = my daughter.

So, the lady on the stage is Monika’s daughter.

Based on Puzzles: 

In this type of question, you have to conclude the relations between two given person based on more than one information given in the question.

Example: In a family of eight people, there is three generations and two couples. R is the brother of Z, who is the grandchild of X. X is married to P. L is the father of Z. P is the father in law of U.  L is the brother of Y and K. K is the aunt of Z. How is P related to K?

(a) Grandfather

(b) father in law

(c) Father

(d) Mother

(e) None of these

So, P is the father of K.

Based on Symbols: 

In this type of question, information is coded in the form of symbols life D, #, $, % ……. etc.

Example: Read the following information carefully.

(i) P % Q means P is the father of Q.

(ii) P @ Q means P is the brother of Q.

(iii) P $ Q means P is the daughter of Q.

(iv) P * Q means P is the son of Q.

(v) P © Q means P is the mother of Q

(vi) P & Q means P is the wife of Q

Who among the following is daughter in law of Z in the relation- ‘T & Y % S & X * Z’ is true?

(a) X

(b) Y

(c) T

(d) S

(e) Can’t be determine

here, from the above generation tree. we can easily find out S is daughter in law of Z.

 

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Input-Output for Bank Exam Study Material

 Input-Output for Bank Exam Study Material

Input-Output play an important role in an examination. 5 Questions come from this topic in every bank exam . Using a right approach you can easily score a good marks in this topic.

In input-output problems you are asked to imagine that there is some kind of computer or a word-processing machine and this machine performs some operations on a given input. These operations are performed repeatedly as per a per-fixed pattern or rule and subsequently we have different output in different steps.

These (Input-output) types of questions regularly come in the competitive examinations 
Although they may look complex but they are not so tough only factor in that they are time consuming and time is premium in a competitive test these days.
Guidelines: (Approach for solving the questions)

(1) Our 1st step will be to see the input.
(2) In 2nd step, we should see the final output.
(3) And at last, we should focus on first step and so on to understand the pattern of arrangement.

Types of pattern followed in Input-output:

• Words are in ascending order     : For example : a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i……
• Words are in descending order   : For example : X, W, S, P, K, H, D…….
• Number are in ascending order  : For example : 1, 2, 7, 9, 10, 13, 17, 22, ……….
• Numbers are in descending order : For example : 29, 26, 24, 21, 17, 13, 10, 9, 7, 4,…….
• Count of words are in ascending order: For example : I, do, pen, wise, Mango, should ……….
• Count of words are in descending order :For example : Mangoes, could, kite can, so, I,…..
• Sum of digits in ascending order: For example : 10, 11, 21, 13, 32, 51, 61, 81, 28……..
• Sum of digits in descending order :For example : 28, 81, 61, 51, 32, 13, 21, 11, 10……

Points to Remember
(1) In Input-output, the most important thing is to understand the pattern of the steps, how they are arranging.
(2) Looking at the last and other steps, you can understand the pattern of question.
(3) Be careful in mix shifting pattern, i.e. shifting from both left and right side.
(4) Some times characters/digits get automatically arranged in steps. So, for that step another
increasing/decreasing characters/digits should be arranged.
(5) The most important thing is to be noted that from given step, previous step can’t be determined.

Example 1- Input: 2568 7625 9732 8214 1129 4622
Step I: 8652 7652 9732 8421 9211 6422
Step II: 6422 7652 8421 8652 9211 9732
Step III: 62 72 81 82 91 92
Step IV: 4 5 7 6 8 7
Explanation: Logic- For step I- All the digits of the given numbers are arranged in descending order within the numbers.
For Step II- All the numbers obtained in step I are arranged in ascending order from the left end.
For Step III- middle two digits of the numbers are omitted.
For step IV- The digits of the numbers obtained in step III are subtracted.

Example 2- Input: phase 73 iconic 24 record 15 under 39 summer 54 36 across
Step I: 24 phase iconic record 15 under 39 summer 54 36 across 73
Step II: phase 24 iconic record 15 39 summer 54 36 across 73 under
Step III: 36 phase 24 iconic record 15 summer 54 across 73 under 39
Step IV: record 36 phase 24 15 summer 54 across 73 under 39 iconic
Step V: 54 record 36 phase 24 summer across 73 under 39 iconic 15
Step VI: summer 54 record 36 phase 24 73 under 39 iconic 15 across
Exaplanation: Logic- (i) The words and numbers are arranged in alternatively in every step starting from the numbers. Two words/number are arranged in each step.
(ii) Even numbers are arranged at the leftmost end in increasing order, while the odd numbers are arranged at the rightmost end in decreasing order in each alternate step.
(iii) The words starting with a consonant are arranged at the left most end in increasing alphabetical order and the words starting with a vowel are arranged at the rightmost end in decreasing alphabetical order in each step.

Example 3- Input: 53 86 22 15 48 93 37 74
Step I: 22 53 86 15 48 93 37 74
Step II: 93 22 53 86 15 48 37 74
Step III: 48 93 22 53 86 15 37 74
Step IV: 53 48 93 22 86 15 37 74
Step V: 74 53 48 93 22 86 15 37
Step VI: 37 74 53 48 93 22 86 15
Step VII: 86 37 74 53 48 93 22 15
Step VIII: 15 86 37 74 53 48 93 22
Explaination: Logic- One even and one odd number are arranged in each alternate step.
Even numbers are arranged at the leftmost end in increasing order, while the odd numbers are arranged at the leftmost end in decreasing order in each alternate step.

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Inequality Questions asked in Bank exam - How to solve, Prepare & Tips and Tricks

Inequality Questions asked in Bank exam - How to solve, Prepare & Tips and Tricks

What is Inequality in Reasoning?

Let us uderstand inequality with the help of an example: We know that the result of multiplication between 5 and 3 and number 15 are equal. Since they are equal it is an equality. In the same way, 5 × 5 ≠ 15. Here the product of 5 and 5 is not equal to the number 15. And since they are not equal, it is an inequality.

Why it is important for bank exams?

Inequalities is one of the topics where you can get full marks very easily. It is a common topic for all competitive exams. We can expect 3 to 5 questions from Inequality in every PO and Clerk level examination.

FAQ on Inequality

Q1- How many questions asked in Bank prelims exams?
Ans. There can be 3-5 questions of Inequality in reasoning section of prelims examination.

Q2- Are these questions asked in the Bank PO Mains exam?
Ans. No, but sometimes 3-4 questions of coded inequality ask in clerk mains level examination.

Questions based on the inequalities of commonly two types.

• Direct inequalities and
• Coded inequalities

Before discussing details for solving Inequalities questions, lets check the meaning of certain symbols in below table:–

To check the different relationship, we are presenting some different statement and conclusions in below table. From given below table you will get clear concept of relationship between two letters.

Priority of Symbols in Inequality

1. > ≥ =
For ex- If A>K≥M=O
Then, A> M and T>O
2. < ≤ =
For ex- If P<X≤V=Y
Then, P<Y and P<V
3. > < (No relation)
For ex- If Q>K<L
Then there will be no relation between Q and L.
4. > ≤ (No relation)
For ex- If O>J≤H
Then there will be no relation between O and H.
5. < > (No relation)
For ex- If F<E>Q
Then there will be no relation between F and Q.
6. < ≥ (No relation)
For ex- If D<S≥Z
Then there will be no relation between D and Z.

Either- or case 

In equality it is very important condition. Mostly students make mistakes in this condition. For clear concept we are giving example of “either-or”
1st condition for “either-or” is both conclusions should be wrong.
2nd condition is that variables of both conclusions should be same.
Eg. :–
Statement: P≥Q=R
Conclusion: (a) P > R (b) P = R

In above example, relation between P and R is P≥R. But both the conclusions are wrong and both have same variables. And by combining both conclusions you will get the actual relation between A and C which comes from statement.

2. Statement: P=Q≥R≥S=T
Conclusion I: (a)P>T (b)P=T
From the above statement it is clear that P is either equals to T or P is greater than T ,So individually both the conclusions are wrong but by combining them we will get that P is either greater than or equals to T (P≥T).
Conclusion II: (a) Q>S (b) Q=S
Similarly from the above statement for conclusion II we can see that there is an either / or case between Q and S, So Q either will be greater than or equals to S.

Complicated case of “Either-or”

Statement: H≥M≤V=K
Conclusions: (1) H<K (2) H≥K

In the above statement we cannot find the relation between H and K. There may be three possibilities of relation between H and K.
i.e. (a) H>K (b) H<K (c) H=K
And we are getting all possibilities by combining both conclusions. So, this is also one case of “Either-or”.

Statement: F<T≤N,F>S,M≤T<G
Conclusions: I.M≥S II. S>M
In the above question by combining the statements together we get S<F<T≥M. So we cannot find the relation between M and S. As there can be three possible cases: M is either greater, lesser or equals to S. In conclusions I and II we can find all the three possible cases so the answer will be either conclusion I or II follow.

Statement: L≥K<E≥A>F≥B
Conclusions: I.L<B II.B≤L
This is another example showing that no direct relation is found between B and L and all the three possible conditions as L>B, L<B or L=B can be there. So the answer will be either conclusion I or II follow.

Example of coded Inequalities

Directions (1- 3): In the following questions, the symbols @, &, %, $ and # are used with the following meaning as illustrated below:
‘P @ Q’ means ‘P is not smaller than Q’
‘P &Q’ means ‘P is neither greater than nor equal to Q’
‘P# Q’ means ‘P is neither greater than nor smaller than Q’
‘P $ Q’ means ‘P is not greater than Q’
‘P % Q’ means ‘P is neither smaller than nor equal to Q’.
Now in each of the following questions assuming the given statements to be true, find which of the three conclusions follow and give answer accordingly.

Q1. Statements: R @ V, V $ J, J &K
Conclusions I. K % R II. J @ R III. K % V
(a) Only I is true
(b) Only II is true
(c) Only I and II are true
(d) Only III is true
(e) None of these
S1.Ans.(d)

Q2. Statements: D % H, H @ V, V $ W
Conclusions: I. H % W II. D % V III. D % W
(a) Only I is true
(b) Only II is true
(c) Only I and II are true
(d) All are true
(e) None of these
S2.Ans.(b)

Q3. Statements: M $ T, T& J, J #N
Conclusions: I. N % M II. J % M III. M $ N
(a) Only I is true
(b) Only II is true
(c) Only I and II are true
(d) All are true
(e) None of these
S3.Ans.(c)

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Puzzle - Study Notes

 Types of Puzzle for  IBPS Bank Exam 2021

Puzzles are the most common scoring topic that is seen in almost all the banking examination. Generaly there are atleast 3-4 puzzles that is prevalent in all bank exam. This mean you can fetch around 5-7 marks or more out of the puzzle out of the total  marks.

Types of Puzzle

• Box based puzzles
• Floor/ lift based puzzles
• Day/ Month/ Year based puzzles.
• Age based puzzles
• Puzzles based on categorization.
• Puzzles based on comparison.(Based on height, color, marks, age etc)
• Puzzles based on Blood Relation.
• Designation based (salary, experience etc)
• Linear puzzle
• Parallel lines puzzles
• Circular puzzle
• Mix/ Uncertain puzzle

 Questions Based on Puzzles

I. Here is the example of week based puzzle:

Question: A group of seven persons –J, K, L, M, N, O and P like different fruits i.e. kiwi, mango, apple, guava, watermelon, orange and strawberry. They attend classes on different days of week starting from Monday to Sunday. No two persons has class on same day of the week. N attends class on Friday. Only one person attends class between the one who likes guava and the one who likes watermelon. K likes apple. More than one person attends the class between the one who likes orange and the one who likes strawberry. N likes Guava. M likes kiwi. P attends class on Sunday. Only one person attends class between J and L. Neither the one who likes orange nor the one who likes kiwi attends the class on Saturday. K attends class on Tuesday. The one who likes mango attends the class before the one who likes apple.

Solution:

Q1. How many persons attend the class between the one who likes orange and P?
(a) one
(b) two
(c) three
(d) more than three
(e) None of these

Answer: (c)

Q2.Who likes Watermelon?
(a) K
(b) L
(c) M
(d) P
(e) None of these

Answer: (d)

Q3.Who attends class on Thursday?
(a) J
(b) L
(c) M
(d) O
(e) None of these

Ans: (d)

Q4.Who attends class on Saturday?
(a) K
(b) O
(c) P
(d) L
(e) None of these

Answer: (b)

Q5. If K is related to Mango and N is related to Kiwi, then in the similar way, P is related to?
(a) Apple
(b) Orange
(c) Strawberry
(d) Kiwi
(e) Cannot be determined

Answer: (c)

II. Puzzles based on colors:

Question: Seven persons i.e. A, B, C, D, E, F and G who all like different colours i.e. Green, Red, Blue, Yellow, Black, Pink and White but not necessarily in the same order. D likes Black colour. Neither A nor E likes Pink colour. Neither F nor A likes Yellow colour. Neither A, B nor E likes Green Colour. Neither B nor E likes Yellow colour. Neither C nor F likes Green colour. B does not like pink and white colour. A does not like white and Red colour.

Solution:

Q1. A like which of the following colour?
(a) Pink
(b) Red
(c) Blue
(d) White
(e) None of these

Answer: (c)

Q2. Which of the following combination of colour and person is correct?
(a) C-Yellow
(b) A-White
(c) B-Pink
(d) D-Yellow
(e) None of these

Answer: (a)

Q3. Who among the following likes Pink colour?
(a) E
(b) F
(c) D
(d) G
(e) None of these

Answer: (b)

Q4. Which of the following combination is incorrect?
(a) A-Blue
(b) C-Yellow
(c) G-Green
(d) E-Pink
(e) All are correct

Answer: (d)

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Seating Arrangement - Study Material

 Seating Arrangement

In banking exams Seating Arrangement questions can be asked in itself or Data Sufficiency. Usually 10-12 questions can be asked from this topic, thus it can fetch you easy marks with right practice.

Introduction

• In seating arrangement, we are generally asked to arrange a group of people according to the given conditions. They may have to be seated around a table, the table could be of any shape-circular, square, rectangular, pentagonal or any other. To solve seating arrangement problems on the basis of the information given in the equation.
• It is one of the important part of the reasoning section for any competitive exam (specially Bank PO). In this part, questions are based on set of information containing set of conditions which gives hidden information followed by set of questions.
• These type of questions judge the ability of a candidates to analyze the information and solve the questions by the help of pictorial figures.

CONCEPTS:

 Linear arrangement: – In this arrangement, there can be single row or parallel rows facing each other or opposite.

(i) 

(Directions if the people are facing north)

(ii) 

(Directions if the people are facing South)

(iii) 

(Directions if the people are seating parallel to each other facing South and North)

Circular Arrangement: In this Arrangement, people are sitting around a circle facing towards or outside the centre.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

Rectangular/square Arrangement: In this Arrangement, people are sitting around a rectangle or square facing towards or outside the centre.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(People sitting at middle of the side, facing the centre and people sitting at edge/corner facing outside the centre)

Important points to be noted during solving the questions:

Step I: The data given in such questions specify the positions of some or all the individuals in arrangement. The positions are specified through conditions involving specified persons sitting (or not sitting) opposite each other or a particular person sitting to the right of left of another person etc.

Step II: Once you read the data, first draw the shape (Circle, square, rectangle, pentagaon, etc) specified in the data and then mark the slots (empty spaces) in the sitting arrangement.

Step III: Using all definite information, fill up as many slots (empty places) as possible. Means always be careful to choose the correct starting point. Those information which are (100%) confirm should be taken first.

Step IV: Never assume anything in the questions.

Step V: In case, if information cannot be use, mark that information and use them, later when the problems calls for it.

Step VI: Now, move on the comparative information. Taking comparative information and consider all possibilities and choose the possibility which does not violate any condition.

Step VII: Be careful with certain words like “not”, “only”, “who”, “and”.

Step VIII:  Some gender defining terms are like “him”, “her”, “he”, “she” will help you decode the information.

Some specific type of statements:

•  A is between B and C

In this case there are two possibilities

• A, who is 3rd to the left of B

•   A, who is third to the right of B

•  B is sitting to the immediate left of A, who is sitting to the immediate left of C.

• B, who is sitting to the immediate left of A and to the immediate right of C. 

• B and C are adjacent of A:-

 In this case there are two possibilities

Example 1:

Eight persons P, Q, R, S, T, U, V and W are sitting in a circular table but not necessary in same order. Two persons sit between R and Q. Two persons sit between R and S. V sits third to the right of P who is not immediate neighbor of S and Q. W sits opposite to T. U sits immediate right of W. S does not sit third to the left of W.

Example 2:

Ten persons are sitting in two parallel rows containing five persons in each row such a way that there is an equal distance between adjacent persons. In row-1, A, B, C, D and E are seated and all of them are facing south. In row-2, P, Q, R, S and T are seated and all of them are facing north. Therefore, in the given seating arrangement, each member seated in a row faces another member of the other row.

T sits third to the right of Q. The persons facing P sits to the immediate right of B. Only one person sits between B and D. P sits second to the left of T.  A is not an immediate neighbor of B. Only two people sit between A and C. Neither B nor A faces S.

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