Agri Info

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CROPPING SYSTEMS

Cropping Seasons

• Sequential cropping : Crop intensification is only in time dimension. No intercrop competition. Succeeding crop planted after harvesting of first crop

• Relay cropping : Succeeding crop planted before harvesting of preceding crop

• Companion crop : Short duration crop planted in between sugarcane (intercrop). It harvested before elongation phase of sugarcane

• Component crop : Individual crop species that are a part of multiple cropping system

• Sole crop : Pure stand or Solid planting (opposite to intercropping)

• Simultaneous poly culture : It includes intercropping, mixed cropping, inter culture, inter planting, relay planting.

• Allelopathy : The any direct or indirect harmful effect that one plant has on another through the production of chemical substances that escape into the environment 

• Synergetic cropping : Two crops yield is higher than sole crop yield 

Pathology Important oneliner

• Bacteria leaf blight of rice caused by  ?- Xanthomas oryzae

• The disease caused by Leptosphaeria sacchari in sugarcane is ? - Ring spot
  

• Loose smut of wheat is ? - Internally seed borne
  

• The Karnal bunt of wheat is caused by  ?  - Neovossia indica
  

• Sugarcane rust is caused by ?  - Puccinia eriathi
  

• Leaf blight of wheat is caused by ?  - Alternaria trictinia

• Stem rot of rice is caused by ?  - Sclerotium oryzae
  

• Tungro disease of rice is spread by ?  - Nephotettix virescens
  

• Ufra disease of rice is caused by ?  - Ditylenchus
  

• Whip smut of sugarcane is caused by  ?  - Ustilago sciteminae
  

• Red rot of sugarcane is caused by  ?  - Collectorichum falcatum
  

• Sugarcane mosaic disease is transmitted by ? - Rhopalosiphum maidis
  

• Disease also known as “Killer Disease of Wheat” is  ?  - Black/ Stem rust
  

• Akiochi disease is due to  ?  - Sulphur toxicity
  

• White rust of crucifers is caused by  ? - Albugo candida

• Crop showing maximum resistance to nematode is ? - Marigold
  

• Iris famine in 1845 ,was caused due to ? - Phytophothora infestance
  

• Father of Indian Pathology is ? - E.J.Butler

Classification of Land Holding Groups/Farmers

On the Basis of Ownership

✅1. Small: <4 ha. land

✅2. Medium: 4 to 10 ha.

✅3. Large: 10 ha.

 On the Basis of Operational Holding

✅ 1. Marginal: < 1 ha. land

✅2. Small: 1-2 ha.

✅3. Semi-medium: 2 to 4 ha

✅4. Medium: 4 to 10 ha.

✅5. Large: > 10 ha.

Field Capacity Of Implements

▪️ Indigenous plough  -  0.4ha/day

▪️ MB plough  -  >  1.5-2ha/day

▪️ Disc harrow  - >  2.5ha/day

▪️ Rotavator - >  0.4- 0.5ha/hr

▪️ Two bottom reversible MB plough   - >0.20-0.25ha/hr

▪️ Rigid tyne cultivator  - > 4ha/day

▪️ Potato planter automated - > 6000-14000potatoes/h

        

▪️ Potato planter Semi automated - > 0.15-0.35ha/hr

▪️Paddy transplanter 

 Manual  - > 0.25ha/day

Self proppeled- > 0.05-0.1ha/hr

▪️ Self operated paddy harvester -  >1.5ha/day

▪️ Knapsack sprayer  - > 0.5-1ha/day

▪️ Rocker sprayer  - > 1.5ha/day

▪️ Foot pedal sprayer - > 1ha/day

▪️ Knapsack power sprayer - >1.5ha/day

▪️ Normal PTO speed of tractor  - > 540rpm(9times/sec)

  High speed  - > 1000rpm (16 times /sec) 

▪️ RPM of Rotavator - >210-240 rpm

Tamil Nadu to become third state to present separate agriculture budget on Aug 14 

On August 14, Tamil Nadu will will become the third state -- after Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh -- to have a separate agricultural budget. 

While experts believe that this is nothing more than a political move, data available from Andhra Pradesh indicates that such a move might actually boost the sector.

The tradition of having an exclusive budget for agriculture was started by Karnataka in 2011-12 in order to give a focused approach to the sector.

 Andhra Pradesh followed in 2013-14, terming it as a policy paper on agriculture. Though states like Telangana, Rajasthan and Bihar too had similar plans, they did not take off due to various legal and technical reasons.

Telangana had backed out of a plan of having a separate budget citing Rule 150 of the legislative guidelines which states that only receipts and expenditure were treated as budget. Telangana was of the view that other plans, programmes and schemes would come under bills and could not be treated as separate budgets.

“Article 202 of the Constitution of India enables states to issue an estimated statement of receipts and expenditure for a financial year (commonly referred to as ‘Budget’ or ‘Annual Financial Statement’). Read in conjunction with List II entries (State), it is apparent that the Constitution confers wide ranging powers to states to make/amend laws on ‘agriculture’ related activities including preparing roadmaps and taking actions aimed at achieving the projected revenue and expense figures,” said Purusharth Singh, partner, Dhir & Dhir Associates, when asked about the legal validity of such a move.

What does it mean for Tamil Nadu?

Tamil Nadu has already invited opinions from various farmer associations and industry bodies for its maiden agriculture Budget. “For Tamil Nadu, this will promote the new varieties of hybrid crops developed in the state. The move will also be helpful in addressing local issues like water management, farming techniques, post-harvest management, giving additional focus to the sector,” 

Based on the 2015-16 Agriculture Census, around 70 per cent of the state’s population is still dependent on agriculture, while it has set an ambitious target of achieving 12.5 million metric tonnes of food grain production during 2021-22.

Agri statistics of Tamil Nadu

70%: State's population dependent on agriculture

35%: Agricultural Households as percentage of rural households

83%: Percentage of agriculture households indebted

India opens doors for genetically modified soyameal imports for poultry 

India is all set to import 15 lakh tonnes of genetically modified (GM) soyameal after the Union Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change and the Food Safety and Standard Authority of India (FSSAI) gave their nod to it. This would be the first time that India would import GM soyameal in view of the demand by the poultry industry.

 Best Book for ICAR -JRF Statistics Preparation

1. Mathematical Statistics by SC Gupta & VK Kapoor
2. Programmed Statistics by B.L.Agarwal
3. Let us C Solutions by Y.P Kanetkar
4. Introduction to computers and basic programming by C.Xavier
5. Objective Mathematics by R.D.Sharma
6. General agriculture book by S.R.Kantwa
7. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research BY Gomez
8. A handbook of agricultural statistics [Shri Ram Singh Chandel]

 Best Books For Preparation of ICAR JRF Soil Science

 General Agriculture -07

1.Khaira disease of rice is caused due to deficiency of - Zn

2.At global level India's position / rank in the wheat production is -  2nd

3.Grassy Shoot disease of sugarcane is caused by -  Mycoplasma

4.Silicon responding crop is - Rice

5.Most abundant soil group in India is -  Alluvial Soil

6.Sulphur content of gypsum is - 19%

7.Best carpet wool producing sheep breed is - Chokhla

8.Highest fat % containing milk breed of buffalo - Bhadawari

9.FMD not occurs in - Poultry

10.Milk Sugar - Dissacharide

11.Bengal famine caused by - Helminthosporium oryzae

12.Blind hoeing done in - Sugar cane

13.Seed rate of brinjal is - 4-5kg/ha

14. Seed rate of castor - 10-12 kg/ha

15.Powerhouse of cell is  - Mitochondria

 Agricultural Economics  Important Expansion

• TRIFED    - Tribal Co-operative Marketing Development Federation of India

• TRIMS      - Agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures

• NAFED     - National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation

• AGMARK -  is a certification mark employed on agricultural products in India
  

• CWC          - Central Warehousing Corporation

• ISI               - Indian Standards Institution

• DMI            - Directorate of Marketing and Inspection

• NCDC         - National Cooperative Development Corporation

• AEZ           - Agri- Export Zone

• CACP        - Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices
  

• APEDA     - Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority, NewDelhi

• NHB          - National Horticulture Board

• NDDB        - National Dairy Development Board

• NIAM        - National Institute for Agricultural Marketing, Jaipur

• WTO         - World Trade Organization

• GATT        - General Agreement on Trade & Tariffs

• CEC           - Codex Eliementarious Commission

• HACCP      - Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points

  Oil and Protein Content of Important crops 

Agricultural Revolutions in India:

The agricultural revolution in India refers to the significant change in the agriculture that occurs when there are discoveries, inventions, or new technologies implemented. These change the production ways and increase the production rate. There are various Agricultural Revolutions occurred in India.

List of Agricultural Revolutions in India: 

1.Green - Food Grain Production

2.Yellow - Oil seed Production

3.White - Milk Production

4.Pink -Shirmp Production / Onion Production

5.Blue - Fishery Production

6.Brown - Spices & Condiments Production

7. Red - Meat / Tomato Production

8.Golden - Fruit (Apple Revolution)

9.Silver - Egg Production

10.Gray - Fertilizer & Biomass Production

11.Round - Potato Production

12.Black - Petroleum & crude oils

13.Rainbow - Over all Development of Agri sector

 Photoperiodism 

• Response of plant to day light period specially flowering behaviour is called photoperiodism

• The term photoperiodism was coined by Garner and Allard (1920).

 They classified plants into three categories: 

a. Short day plants: 

• Such plants require the day length less than 12 hours for flower initiation..

 • E.g. tobacco, soybean, rice, generally kharif crops and many tropical plants.

 b. Long day plants:

 • Such plants require more than 14 hours day light for flower initiation.

 • E.g. wheat, barley, sugar beet, castor, generally Rabi crops

 c. Day neutral plants:

 • Such plants are unaffected by the day length e.g. maize, tomato, buckwheat, sunflower, cotton, cucumber etc.

 Instruments and their usage

Instrument              -  Uses 

Altimeter                           - Height 

Aneroid barometer            - Atmospheric pressure 

Anemometer                     - Wind speed 

Crescograph                     - Growth of plant

 Dynamometer                 - Convert mechanical energy to electrical 

Cambel stokes                  - Duration of sun shine 

ECG                                 - Movement of heart 

Wind wane                      - Wind direction 

Tensiometers                   - Soil moisture tension 

Galvanometer                 - Electric currents

 Porometer                     - Stomal behavior 

Hydrometer                   - Measures relative density of liquids 

Hygrometer/Psychrometer - Relative humidity

 Lactometer                   - Density of milk, milk purity 

Lysimeter                      - Evapotranspiration/leaching 

Manometer                   - Root pressure

 Planimeter                  -Area of an irregular figure 

Pyrheliometer             - Amount of direct solar radiation 

Pyranometer               - Total incoming solar radiation 

Pycnometer                 - Specific gravity of soil _ 

Peizometer                 - Depth of water table

Potometer                  - Transpiration